0
Article ? AI-assigned paper type based on the abstract. Classification may not be perfect — flag errors using the feedback button. Tier 2 ? Original research — experimental, observational, or case-control study. Direct primary evidence. Sign in to save

Combined sewer overflow contribution to microplastic pollution in urban water bodies

The Science of The Total Environment 2026
Elena Vannini, Simona Francalanci, Simone Lippi, Stefano Tempestini

Summary

When it rains heavily in cities, sewer systems can overflow directly into rivers and streams, and this study found that these overflow events dump massive amounts of microplastics into urban waterways—especially right at the start of a storm, when pollution levels spiked up to 10 times higher than later in the event. Since these waterways can feed into drinking water sources or places where fish are caught for food, understanding this overlooked pollution pathway matters for tracking how microplastics make their way into the environment and, potentially, our bodies.

Polymers
Study Type Environmental

Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) have recently gained attention as episodic but significant sources of microplastics (MPs) to urban receiving water bodies; however, the occurrence, magnitude and characteristics of MP pollution in this context remains poorly investigated. Through an in-field monitoring campaign in the city of Pisa (Italy), this research aimed to assess the impact of CSOs to microplastic pollution in urban aquatic environment and to predict MP abundance due to hydraulic overflowing event. MP analysis was conducted using Laser Direct InfraRed Chemical Imaging System (LDIR), an innovative technology which enables reliable quantification and characterization of MPs in terms of polymer composition, size and shape, thus supporting source identification. MP abundance ranged between (3.71 ± 0.16) × 10 6 and (1.28 ± 0.12) × 10 8 items/m 3 , with values increasing with the overflow discharge. A positive correlation was observed between MP abundance and the discharged volume, highlighting the influence of precipitation-driver hydrodynamics. In the six monitored events, we observed a first flush effect, with MP concentrations reaching up to an order of magnitude higher than during subsequent stages of the event. Rubber, cellulosic materials and PMMA were identified as the predominant polymers, underlining the mixed sources related to urban runoff and wastewater inputs. Most of the detected MPs had size between 10 and 100 μm (77–93%), with fragment and pellet as predominant shapes (35–81% and 13–48%, respectively). The results highlighted the importance of including microplastics in CSO monitoring programs and provided insights on hydrological and hydraulic factors relevant to understand urban water pollution.

Share this paper