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Nutritional detoxification strategies in aquaculture: bioactive feed additives mitigating oxidative stress and xenobiotic toxicity in fish
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Farmed fish are increasingly exposed to pollutants like pesticides, industrial chemicals, and microplastics, which can build up in their bodies and cause cellular stress. This review pulls together existing research showing that adding certain natural compounds—like plant extracts, specific amino acids, and trace minerals—to fish feed can boost the fish's own detox systems and antioxidant defenses, potentially reducing the need for antibiotics and making farmed fish safer to eat. While this research is about fish health, it matters to us too: healthier, less-contaminated fish on our plates means fewer pollutants passed along the food ch
The rapid expansion of global aquaculture has increased fish exposure to multiple xenobiotics, including agricultural chemicals, industrial pollutants, and emerging contaminants such as microplastics. Although numerous studies have examined individual toxicants, a critical knowledge gap remains regarding integrative, nutrition-based detoxification strategies that simultaneously mitigate oxidative stress, enhance endogenous detoxification pathways, and reduce dependence on chemical therapeutics. This review addresses the question of how bioactive feed additives can be strategically used to support physiological detoxification mechanisms in fish exposed to complex xenobiotic mixtures. The review synthesizes current evidence on phytogenic compounds, functional amino acids, trace elements, and advanced delivery systems that activate antioxidant defense systems, phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes, and cellular repair processes. Particular emphasis is placed on molecular pathways such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling, species-specific detoxification capacity, and the interaction between nutrition, gut microbiota, and immune function. Comparative evidence across major aquaculture species demonstrates that nutritional detoxification strategies can improve resilience to oxidative damage while contributing to reduced antibiotic use and improved product safety. By integrating mechanistic insights with One Health and sustainability perspectives, this review highlights nutritional detoxification as a scalable and environmentally responsible approach for managing xenobiotic stress in modern aquaculture systems.
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This review examined the toxic effects of micro- and nanoplastics on farmed fish and explored emerging nutritional interventions to mitigate those effects. Researchers found that microplastics reduce feed utilization, cause physical abrasion, and trigger oxidative stress in fish, while certain dietary supplements show promise in enhancing fish resilience against microplastic-related toxicity.
Mitigating Dietary Microplastic Accumulation and Oxidative Stress Response in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles Using a Natural Microencapsulated Antioxidant
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In a study with European seabass, researchers found that microplastics in fish feed were absorbed through the gut and accumulated in the liver, triggering oxidative stress. However, when the fish were also given microencapsulated natural astaxanthin (an antioxidant), it reduced both the stress response and the amount of microplastics absorbed by clumping the particles together in the gut. This suggests that certain natural compounds might help reduce the harmful effects of dietary microplastic exposure.
Effects of microplastics, pesticides and nano-materials on fish health, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanism
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This review examines how microplastics, pesticides, and nanoparticles harm fish by causing oxidative stress, DNA damage, immune system disruption, and changes in gut bacteria. Since contaminated fish is a major pathway for microplastics and pesticides to enter the human diet, declining fish health and quality directly affect food safety and human nutrition worldwide.
Natural-based solutions to mitigate dietary microplastics side effects in fish
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Zebrafish were raised for six months on diets containing microplastics of two size ranges, then some were switched for a month to the same diets with microencapsulated astaxanthin added. Fish given astaxanthin had lower oxidative stress and fewer microplastics in the liver than fish kept on the original diets.
Mitigation of Dietary Microplastic Accumulation and Oxidative Stress Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fry Through Dietary Supplementation of a Natural Microencapsulated Antioxidant
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Rainbow trout fry were fed fluorescent microplastic beads for 60 days, with or without microencapsulated astaxanthin, a natural antioxidant. The beads moved mainly to the liver, where they caused oxidative stress. Growth and gut structure were unaffected. Fish that also received the astaxanthin capsules had fewer beads in tissue.
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