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Human Health Risk from Microplastic Contamination in Indonesian Waters Viewed from Distribution, Ecotoxicological Effects and Mitigation Strategies
Summary
Indonesia has some of the highest microplastic pollution in its waters worldwide, and this review of 42 studies finds these tiny plastic particles are showing up in the fish people eat—causing DNA damage and organ harm in the fish themselves, while also carrying toxic heavy metals along for the ride. Even more concerning, microplastics have been found in human blood, brain tissue, and breast milk, with links to reduced cognitive function, highlighting an urgent need for better plastic waste policies to protect public health.
The global plastic pollution crisis has reached alarming levels, with massive annual production and low effective recycling rates. Indonesia is a major contributor of plastic waste to the ocean and the country with the highest microplastics per capita in the world. This study analyzes the distribution of microplastics in Indonesian waters and their risks to human health through the food chain. This study used a literature review method with a narrative review approach on 42 reputable articles. The results show that microplastic contamination is dominated by fragments and fibers from food packaging polymers. Bioaccumulation was confirmed in all fish samples from several waters, accompanied by damage to Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and histopathology of vital organs, as well as the role of microplastics as heavy metal vectors in consumable biota. The human health risk reaches an emergency level with particle internalization in blood, brain tissue, and breast milk associated with decreased cognitive function. These findings confirm microplastics as contaminants that transfer toxins through the food chain and penetrate biological barriers. Risk-based regulations, equitable distribution of waste management infrastructure, and policies to reduce single-use plastics are needed to protect public health.