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Impact of Microplastic Exposure on the Behaviour of Terrestrial Invertebrates in Rural Ecosystems
Summary
This review pulls together existing research showing that tiny plastic particles in farmland soil are messing with earthworms, ants, beetles, and other small creatures that keep soil healthy — changing how they eat, move, and reproduce. That matters because these invertebrates are essential for breaking down organic matter and keeping soil fertile, so widespread microplastic pollution could weaken the soil systems that grow our food, with ripple effects on farming and, ultimately, what ends up on our plates.
Abstract Microplastic pollution has emerged as one of the most significant environmental challenges affecting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems worldwide. While considerable attention has been given to marine microplastic contamination, terrestrial ecosystems, particularly rural agricultural landscapes, have increasingly been recognized as major reservoirs of microplastics originating from agricultural mulch films, sewage sludge, compost, irrigation water, atmospheric deposition, plastic packaging, and tire wear particles. Terrestrial invertebrates, including earthworms, ants, beetles, springtails, millipedes, termites, spiders, and soil-dwelling arthropods, play essential roles in nutrient cycling, soil aeration, decomposition, pollination, and ecosystem functioning. Exposure to microplastics has been shown to alter feeding behaviour, locomotion, burrowing activity, reproduction, growth, immune responses, and survival of these organisms, thereby threatening soil biodiversity and ecosystem stability. The present study investigates the impact of microplastic exposure on the behaviour of terrestrial invertebrates in rural ecosystems through a comprehensive analytical review of recent scientific literature. The findings indicate that microplastic contamination significantly modifies behavioural responses, physiological functions, and ecological interactions of terrestrial invertebrates, ultimately affecting soil health and agricultural sustainability. The study also highlights mitigation strategies including sustainable plastic management, biodegradable alternatives, improved agricultural practices, and environmental monitoring. Overall, reducing microplastic pollution is essential for conserving terrestrial biodiversity and maintaining the ecological integrity of rural ecosystems.