Microplastic Contamination in Aquaculture Systems: Implications for Human Health and a One Health Perspective A Comprehensive Scientific Literature Review

Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm in diameter, have emerged as pervasive environmental contaminants with far-reaching consequences for aquatic ecosystems, aquaculture productivity, and ultimately human health. The exponential growth of the global aquaculture industry, now accounting for over 50% of fish consumed worldwide, has intensified concerns regarding the safety of aquaculture products in the face of escalating plastic pollution. This review synthesizes current scientific evidence on the sources, pathways, and fate of microplastics in aquaculture environments; the biological uptake, trophic transfer, and toxicological effects of MPs in aquatic organisms used in food production; and the emerging evidence regarding human exposure and associated health risks. We further examine this multi-scalar problem through the lens of the One Health framework an integrative approach that recognizes the inextricable interdependence of human, animal, and ecosystem health. Evidence reviewed herein demonstrates that MPs, along with their associated chemical contaminants and microbial communities, traverse complex ecological and dietary pathways to reach human consumers, with potential endocrine-disrupting, immunotoxic, and genotoxic consequences. We argue that the One Health paradigm offers a uniquely powerful conceptual and policy framework for addressing microplastic contamination in aquaculture, enabling transdisciplinary solutions that simultaneously protect environmental integrity, aquatic animal welfare, and human well-being. Critical knowledge gaps and future research priorities are identified.