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Human Health Risk Assessment from the Ingestion of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Contaminated with Micro- (Nano) Plastics (MNPs) from River Ngadda, Borno State – Nigeria
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Researchers sampled two fish species from a Nigerian river over eight months and found that Nile tilapia accumulated more micro- and nanoplastics than African catfish, with estimated annual dietary exposure reaching over 1,400 particles per year for children and more than 2,500 for adults.
Introduction: Freshwater fish inhabiting polluted rivers are capable of bio-accumulating microplastics (plastic fragments measuring less than 5 mm, and nanoplastics (particles with dimensions below 1 µm) in their gastrointestinal tracts and occasionally in edible tissues, depending on species, size, and feeding ecology. Consumption of MNP-contaminated fish therefore represents a potential pathway of human exposure. Although dietary intake estimates vary by region and consumption patterns, aquatic bio-resources are recognized exposure routes alongside inhalation and other food sources. This study assessed the human health risks associated with consuming Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus contaminated with micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) from the Ngadda River, Borno State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: C. gariepinus and O. niloticus were collected monthly from 6 stations over eight months. Samples were processed and analyzed for MNPs using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) at Yobe State University, Damaturu. Results: Mean MNP abundance in C. gariepinus ranged from 0.24–0.39 pp/kg (Stations B–C), while O. niloticus ranged from 0.47–0.79 pp/kg. Estimated ingestion for children was 70.38–117.97 pp/week and 844.50–1415.65 pp/year. Adult exposure ranged from 211.13–353.91 pp/week and 2533.51–42426.95 pp/year. Conclusion: O. niloticus exhibited higher bioaccumulation than C. gariepinus. Spatial variability reflected localized pollution sources. Dietary exposure levels for both children and adults were notable, highlighting the need for further studies on MNP retention and elimination in humans.
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