Life in Plastic, Not Always Fantastic: Insights and Outlook on Terrestrial Plant Responses to Nano- and Microplastics

Soils have only recently gained attention as sinks for nano- and microplastics (NMPs), with concentrations exceeding those in aquatic environments. This raises concerns about the impact of these particles on agroecosystems, including plants. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the current state of research on the interaction of NMPs with terrestrial plants. We show that plants can actively take up NMPs from the soil and atmosphere and translocate them within their tissue. Next, we provide evidence of the effects on plant growth, which commonly occur at environmentally relevant levels, making plants a very sensitive group of organisms. Then, we examine the role of so-called biodegradable plastics, often promoted as environmentally friendly alternatives, and show that these can also pose risks for plants. Building on these insights, we highlight two key directions to advance this field: increasing environmental realism in experiments (through field-relevant conditions and long-term exposure) and investigating the impacts of plastic-associated chemicals, which can leach into soils. We also emphasize the broader complexity of decision-making around plastic pollution and outline tools that could support evidence-based policies, in light of ongoing initiatives such as the Global Plastics Treaty. Looking forward, addressing the impacts of NMPs in crops will require integrative research and coordinated policy efforts to safeguard both agricultural productivity and ecosystem health.