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Triple threat: a review on nanoplastic ecotoxicity, pollutant co-exposures, and climate change in freshwater organisms
Summary
Researchers reviewed nanoplastic ecotoxicity in freshwater organisms under realistic co-exposure scenarios with metals, pesticides, and climate change stressors, finding that synergistic toxicity was especially common — often driven by nanoplastics acting as Trojan horse vectors — and that rising temperatures generally amplified nanoplastic harm across fish and invertebrate taxa.
fish, respectively. Metals and pesticides were the most frequently studied co-stressors. Synergistic interactions emerged as particularly relevant, often linked to NP acting as pollutant vectors through Trojan horse-derived mechanism. Regarding CC, rising temperature was the most assessed variable, generally enhancing NP toxicity in freshwater organisms. Our findings highlight the complexity of realistic co-exposure scenarios and emphasize the need for ecotoxicological studies that address multiple stressors in a changing world.