Smart Biodegradable Packaging: Enzyme Triggered Self-Degrading Film Based on Papaya (Carica papaya) for Time Sensitive Freshness Monitoring

Growing concerns over plastic pollution and food waste have led to the need for sustainable and intelligent packaging solutions. This study titled “Smart Biodegradable Packaging Enzyme-Triggered Self-Degrading Film Based on Papaya (Carica papaya) for Time Sensitive Freshness Monitoring” utilized an experimental research design, which involved developing a material and systematically testing it under controlled conditions to determine its properties and effectiveness. The study developed a papaya (Carica papaya)-based, enzyme-triggered biodegradable film designed to provide time-sensitive freshness indication and post-use self-degradation. Films formulated from papaya powder, starch, glycerol, and citric acid, with papain added at sub-denaturing temperature, were cast, dried, and characterized under room temperature, refrigeration, high humidity, and direct sunlight. Biodegradation was tracked as mass-loss (%) over 30 days; a consumer- facing freshness score (1–5) was recorded daily; UV blocking (UVA/UVB) and heavy-metal content were assessed descriptively. Biofilm mass loss increased over time across all conditions (Day 30 range ≈ 31.55–43.20%), while plastic controls showed no measurable loss. Freshness scores declined significantly with time but did not differ by storage condition in mixed-model analysis; the condition × time interaction was non-significant. The biofilm transmitted ~35.45% UVA and ~9.75% UVB (i.e., blocked ~64.55% UVA and ~90.25% UVB), outperforming plastic controls (~65.10% UVA; ~21.10% UVB). Heavy-metal results for the biofilm were within international limits (Pb, Cu: not detected; Zn: 2.87 ppm; Cd: 0.002 ppm). Overall, the papaya-based film exhibited progressive biodegradation, useful visual freshness response, strong UV shielding, and compliant safety metrics, indicating promise as a smart, eco-friendly packaging alternative.