Assessment of the usage of plastic products, their disposal methods and the impacts on the environment: a case study in Yola, North-Eastern Nigeria

The population explosion is one of the major factors contributing to improper plastic waste disposal in Nigeria, leading to a significant increase in non-biodegradable waste with severe environmental consequences, particularly in riverine areas. This study investigates the sources, types, and ecological impacts of plastic waste in Yola, North-Eastern Nigeria, focusing on its effects on the River Benue. The study covered five locations: Doubeli, Rumde, Bwaranji, Jambutu, and Unguwan-Tana, involving 552 respondents. To estimate the quantity and types of plastic waste entering the River Benue, active sampling was carried out at sites selected based on their proximity to plastic disposal points, with standardized dimensions and positions across locations. Additionally, a random-walk systematic sampling approach was used to distribute questionnaires, gathering data on demographics, disposal practices, and waste management awareness. The findings revealed a substantial influx of plastic waste from domestic and commercial sources into the river, including household items and commercial packaging. While 69.75% of respondents practiced waste segregation, disposal methods varied, contributing to river pollution, with negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and farming activities. Reported consequences included water discoloration, diminished fish populations with a reduction in sizes, and health issues such as malaria, diarrhea, and skin infections. In conclusion, the study underscores an urgent need for enhanced plastic waste management in Yola, highlighting the environmental and health risks posed by current disposal practices. Improved waste segregation, enhanced collection services, and strengthened public awareness are essential measures for addressing plastic pollution in the River Benue and surrounding communities.