Sensing of Microplastics Using Advanced Materials: A Comprehensive Review

This study focuses on the utilization of advanced materials in sensing of microplastics (MPs) in the environment. Many nnanomaterials like iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), display great sensitivity and specificity in MP sensing when measured by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). The growing prevalence of microplastics (MPs) and nano plastics (NPs) in aquatic and terrestrial environments stimulated for the development of effective and rapid techniques for sensing of MPs. detection sensitivity and sustainability of carbon-based materials such as quantum dots and carbon nanotubes were improved using fluorescence and field effect transistors. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives were reported for the detection of MPs in complicated matrices. The conductive polymers and composites facilitate the electrochemical detection of MPs even under difficult environmental conditions the sustainable. Recently, microplastic monitoring and removal techniques have been strengthened through the application of various eco-friendly and biocompatible materials such as biopolymers (e.g., chitosan, alginate), nanomaterials (e.g., cellulose nanofibers), plant-derived adsorbents, magnetic biocomposites, and microbial systems, which contribute to enhanced detection, adsorption, and degradation of MPs. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, including matrix interference correction, real-world use, and sensor standardization. The use of artificial intelligence improves data processing, increases detection accuracy, and enables real-time monitoring. To address the microplastic pollution, support environmental cleanup efforts, and inform regulatory systems, AI-driven methodologies, and sensor technologies have been found more effective.