The Expedition PS85 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the Fram Strait in 2014

PS85 (ARK-XXVIII/2)mentioned North-Pole storm low with an occasionally freshening westerly wind, which was veering northwest and pushing the fog eastward.Starting from a new high 1025 hPa around Jan Mayen, a new associated ridge established across our sailing area in the night to June 14.Subsequently, wind was backing and abating.From June 14 until June 16, that ridge was slowly shifting east towards Svalbard.Hence from noon of June 13 until late June 16, it was really sunny, another dropping temperature inversion brought the temperatures up to +5C.From June 15 on, southerly wind was increasing up to 4 Bft on the western flank of the ridge.At the same day, research off eastern Greenland was finished with a subsequent transit to the new research area along 78.8N between 10W and the 'Hausgarten'.Mid and upper level advection of warm air masses caused the near-surface temperature inversion to intensify up to 10 degrees and to thicken up to 1,500 m from June 16 on.The 12 UTC atmospheric sounding at 79N 10W showed +10 to +12C between 700 m and 2,200 m AMSL (Above Mean Sea Level)!An upper-level (at 10 to 11 km) Jetstream established between East-Canada, North-Greenland and Svalbard due to strong horizontal thermal differences.Two new low pressure areas1005 hPa developed across Northeast-Greenland below the frontal right entrance of an embedded jet maximum, they were moving southeast across the Framstrait and Svalbard from June 16 until 18.From the evening of June 16 on, Polarstern was sailing on the back side of those lows.Wind was turning to northerly and later north-westerly directions and was freshening up to 4 to 5 Bft, accompanied with mid-and high-level advection of colder air masses.Fog was passing in the night to June 17.New low-level clouds with drizzle were approaching later on June 17, but a great part of the drizzle was evaporating inside of the dry boundary layer.On June 18, a storm low 993 hPa across the Kara Sea started to move north towards Franz-Josef-Land and the North-Pole.Freshening northerly winds brought a new flood of cold polar air and light snowfall during the morning.On June 19, a new high at 76N 12W off coastal East-Greenland with an associated northward extending ridge intensified.Therefore, gradually weakening winds was backing northwest.From the afternoon of June 18 until June 19, many patches of low-level clouds were passing with an excellent visibility even poor contrasts below.During June 20, another associated ridge was extending towards Svalbard and Franz-Josef-Land.We got a very stable meteorological situation, called Omega-Situation (Greek letter Omega-like shape of the upper-level current).Until June 21, mostly light wind on the back of the high pressure zone was turning to south-westerly or southerly directions with subsequent freshening (5 Bft).The low cloud bases were further dropping down to the surface with fog banks, visibilities partly about 800 m and upcoming freezing drizzle.From now on, the research focus was shifted to the 'Hausgarten' area (79 to 80N, 02 to 06E) near the ice edge.From June 23 on, very mild and still moister air masses came to the mid-and upper-tropospheric levels.Thus, a significant 8 degree low-level temperature inversion with temperatures up to +7C between 1 and 2 km AMSL was developing until June 26.Fog and freezing drizzle became more frequent.During that period until June 25, the predominant high off East-Greenland was further intensifying up to 1028 hPa and was shifting southeast towards the central Norwegian Sea, as well as the associated ridge was developing into a separate high 1023 hPa east of Svalbard.of the high-volume seawater samples and 1-L PP bottle seawater samples are shown in Fig. 4.3 and 4.4, respectively.Fifteen snow samples have been collected on the Arctic ice using 10-L stainless steel barrels with helicopter and boat (Fig. 4.5).One litre of melting snow water from each snow sample were extracted with solid-phase extraction for the determination of ionic PFASs, and two litre of melting snow water from each sample will be extracted with organic solvent (DCM/Hexane) for the determination of neutral PFCs, BFRs, OPE and currently used pesticides in snow.Surface sediments have been sampled with a multi-core sampler across the transit from east Greenland Sea to the west Svalbard along 79N (Fig. 4.6).cleaned on a 2.5 g 10 % water deactivated silica gel column, eluted with 15 mL of hexane (F1), 20 mL of hexane/diethyl ether (3:1 v/v) (F2), 20 mL of acetone/DCM (1:1 v/v) (F3).F2 and F3 were combined for the determination of OPEs and CUPs.2-L melt snow water samples were liquid-liquid extracted using 50 mL DCM for three times.These water samples are concentrated down to 150 L and directly injected to GC-MS without further purification.500 pg 13 C 6 -PCB 208 was added into each sample as injection standard.1-L seawater samples are extracted with Oasis Wax cartridges.The cartridges are dried for 30 minutes, and then eluted using 5 mL acetonitrile following with 5 mL 0.1 % ammonium hydroxide in methanol for the determination of ionic PFASs and PAPs.20 ng of the Injection standards (i.e.d5-EtFOSAA and [13C6]-3,4-dichlorophenol, 10 L of a 2 g mL-1 solution) were spiked to the final extract.Neutral PFASs are quantified by an Agilent 6890 gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a 5,973 mass spectrometer (MS) using positive chemical ionization mode (PCI).BFR and CUPs are determined by GC-MS using negative chemical ionization mode (NCI), respectively, and OPEs are determined by GC-MS using electron impact mode (EI).Ionic PFASs and PAPs are detected using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometers (LC-MS/MS).Carbon nanomaterial are analyzed using LC-MS/MS as well.