Microplastic Pollution in Malaysia's Coastal Areas: Impacts, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions

Microplastic contamination became a serious environmental problem in Malaysia’s coastal areas, endangering marine life and human health. This review provided an overview of the status of microplastic pollution, focusing on its sources, spatial distribution, and ecological effects in Malaysian marine habitats from a holistic perspective. The article summarized key findings from recent research, which showed high levels of microplastics in coastal sediments and fauna, with fibers identified as the predominant type of contaminant. The paper compared several remediation methods, including biodegradation by indigenous bacterial strains and advanced electrocoagulation, which achieved a removal efficiency of 96.5%. However, significant challenges remained, such as limited waste management infrastructure, a lack of public education, and technological constraints in scaling up effective solutions. Three key recommendations were made: (1) enactment of strict national waste management regulations and infrastructure, with strong emphasis on recycling facilities and collection systems; (2) funding for localized research and development in cost-effective remediation technologies; and (3) national campaigns to promote reductions in plastic use. The study emphasized the necessity of a comprehensive strategy that integrated scientific innovation, policy reform, and community participation to address this growing environmental crisis. The findings of this review offered valuable information for policymakers and environmental practitioners in efforts to conserve marine biodiversity in Malaysia and served as a potential guide for developing countries facing similar challenges.