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Analytical developments for the characterization and quantification of microplastics in sedimentary and biological matrices : application to shellfish growing areas of Pays de la Loire
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This French doctoral thesis developed and validated rapid analytical protocols for quantifying microplastics in sediment and bivalve matrices, then applied them across Atlantic coastal shellfish-growing areas in two seasons. Mussels averaged 0.61 microplastics per individual and oysters 2.1, while sediments contained a mean of 67 microplastics per kilogram dry weight, with polyethylene and polypropylene fragments predominating.
A l’échelle mondiale, la contamination en microplastiques (particule plastique inférieure à 5 mm) a été évaluée dans tous les compartiments environnementaux avec des concentrations très variables, traduisant des pressions de contamination différentes mais résultant aussi d’un manque de standardisation des méthodes d’échantillonnage, de préparation d’échantillons et d’analyse. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a visé à développer et valider des protocoles rapides d’analyse qualitative et quantitative de microlastiques dans les matrices sédimentaires et biologiques. L’application des protocoles ainsi validés a permis de caractériser la contamination en microplastiques de deux espèces de bivalves (la moule bleue Mytilus edulis et l’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas), cultivés et sauvages, et des sédiments de trois vasières de la côte Atlantique (Pen-Bé, Coupelasse et baie de l’Aiguillon) à deux saisons. La contamination moyenne a été évaluée à 0,61 ± 0,56 et 2,1 ± 1,7 microplastiques par moule (N=120) et huître (N=60) respectivement. Dans les sédiments, une moyenne de 67 ± 76 microplastiques par kg de poids sec (N=60) a été mesurée. Une majorité de fragments de polyéthylène et de polypropylène a été observée dans les deux matrices avec une différence notable au niveau de la taille des microplastiques détectés : <100 μm pour les bivalves et entre 100 et 250 μm pour les sédiments. Aucun effet significatif sur la contamination du site, de la saison ou du mode de vie des bivalves n’a été mis en évidence. En parallèle, la sorption de six micropolluants détectés dans les eaux marines, a été étudiée en utilisant des microplastiques modèles de polyéthylène et de polypropylène.
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