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(1) Solutions for Plastic Litter and Microplastics in Marine－International Standardization and Japanese Measures for These－
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This paper reviewed international standardization efforts for marine plastic litter and microplastics, focusing on ISO standards for evaluating biodegradable and bio-based plastics in marine environments. Japan's national strategy aimed to introduce 2 million tons of bioplastics into its 13-million-ton plastics market by 2030, supported by government funding for innovation and market development.
Marine pollutions by plastics litter and microplastics are big environmental problems which shall be solved Internationally. To solve these problems, 3R（reuse, reduce, and recycle）are most important issues, innovations for biodegradable and/or biobased plastics（bioplastics）are also important. Evaluations for biodegradable or bio-based plastics should be based on International standards such as ISO standards which were discussed in ISO Subcommittee SC14“Environmental aspects”of Technical committee TC61“Plastics”. Marine biodegradation evaluation methods are defined by ISO methods. New functional plastics with good biodegradability in marine will be evaluated by ISO method and market introduction will be promoted by certification of requirements defined in ISO. Japanese government had been determined some measures to promote bioplastics. For example, market introduction of 2 million tons of bioplastics in 13 million tons of total plastics is the challenging target in 2030 determined in the strategy for plastics from sustainable resources （2019）. Many budgets by Japanese government, support for innovation and market introduction of bioplastics.
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When a large batch of papers lands in the Atlas, we read through it and send a short write-up of what stood out.