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Pemanfaatan Mikroorganisme untuk Biodegradasi Mikroplastik

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Researchers review how indigenous microbes and fungi can biodegrade microplastics through a process of surface colonization, enzymatic hydrolytic cleavage, and mineralization into CO2 and H2O, with biodegradation rates shaped by environmental factors including temperature, humidity, pH, and enzyme activity.

Plastik telah menjadi bagian dari kehidupan manusia. Industri makanan olahan telah didominasi oleh plastik kemasan karena sifatnya yang fleksibel dengan mengambil porsi 80 persen. Penggunaan plastik dalam pengemasan, pengiriman, perindustrian dan pertanian baik di pedesaan maupun perkotaan yang diluar kendali telah menimbulkan masalah yang serius yaitu sampah plastik dan pencemaran lingkungan. Mikroplastik merupakan hasil proses dekomposisi sampah plastik yang berlangsung sangat lama melalui berbagai proses kimiawi, fisik, maupun biologi. Mikroplastik dan nanoplastik yang mencemari ekosistem perairan laut dan pantai dapat masuk ke rantai makanan dan membahayakan kesehatan manusia wajib menjadi keprihatinan masyarakat dunia. Pengendalian pencemaran mikroplastik dengan memanfaatkan kemampuan dan potensi mikroba dan bakteri indigenous dan jamur atau fungi yang tumbuh dalam lingkungan yang tercemar mikroplastik yang sering disebut remidiasi menjadi salah satu strategi yang efisien dan menjanjikan di masa depan. Menempelnya mikroorganisme pada polimer merupakan tahap awal proses biodegradasi plastik yang selanjutnya diikuti oleh pembentukan koloni pada permukaan polimer. Pembelahan hidrolitik merupakan proses lanjutan yang terjadi pada saat enzim mikroba menempel pada substrat polimer. CO2 dan H2O merupakan produk degradasi polimer seperti oligomer, dimer dan monomer melalui proses mineralisasi. CO2 dan H2O merupakan produk akhir dari proses biodegradasi oleh bakteri secara aerobik, yaitu dengan memanfaatkan oksigen sebagai akseptor elektron yang diikuti dengan sintesis senyawa organik yang lebih kecil. Laju biodegradasi dipengaruhi oleh faktor faktor biotik yaitu kelembaban, suhu dan pH dan faktor abiotik yaitu enzim dan hidrofobitas.

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