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X-box binding protein 1 caused an imbalance in pyroptosis and mitophagy in immature rats with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced testis toxicity
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Researchers exposed juvenile male rats to DEHP phthalate during puberty and found that X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) disrupts the balance between pyroptosis and mitophagy in testicular cells, revealing a molecular mechanism through which this common plasticizer impairs reproductive development.
As a widely used plasticizer, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is known to induce significant testicular injury. However, the potential mechanism and effects of pubertal exposure to DEHP on testis development remain unclear. In vivo, postnatal day (PND) 21 male rats were gavaged with 0, 250, and 500 mg/kg DEHP for ten days. Damage to the seminiferous epithelium and disturbed spermatogenesis were observed after DEHP exposure. Meanwhile, oxidative stress-induced injury and pyroptosis were activated. Both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitophagy were involved in this process. Monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) was used as the biometabolite of DEHP in vitro. The GC-1 and GC-2 cell lines were exposed to 0, 100 μM, 200 μM, and 400 μM MEHP for 24 h. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, oxidative stress damage, ER stress, mitophagy, and pyroptosis were significantly increased after MEHP exposure. The ultrastructure of the ER and mitochondria was destroyed. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) was observed to be activated and translocated into the nucleus. ROS generation was inhibited by acetylcysteine. The levels of antioxidative stress, ER stress, mitophagy, and pyroptosis were decreased as well. After the administration of the ER stress inhibitor 4-phenyl-butyric acid, both mitophagy and pyroptosis were inhibited. Toyocamycin-induced XBP1 down-regulation decreased the levels of mitophagy and pyroptosis. The equilibrium between pyroptosis and mitophagy was disturbed by XBP1 accumulation. In summary, our findings confirmed that DEHP induced a ROS-mediated imbalance in pyroptosis and mitophagy in immature rat testes via XBP1. Moreover, XBP1 might be the key target in DEHP-related testis dysfunction.
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