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A comprehensive review of microplastic accumulation and mitigation strategies
Summary
This review summarizes microplastic accumulation in aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments, covering how particles enter ecosystems through tire wear, synthetic fiber shedding, and plastic degradation, and examining their bioaccumulation in marine food webs, soil disruption, and remediation options.
Plastic is the main pollutant in the environment & in that, Microplastic (MPs) having particle size ≤5nm are heavily used. MPs are generated from synthetic fibre, the tyre industry, plastic degradation, industrial emission, etc., and accumulate in aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments, engendering significant ecological and toxicological risks. MPs facilitate bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in marine ecosystems, leading to oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and genotoxicity in organisms. MPs change the physiochemical of soil, disrupting microbial communities and hindering plant growth in terrestrial. The inhalation and ingestion of MPs are raising concerns over human health. Traditional mitigation strategies such as incineration, and mechanical recycling are found to be insufficient to reduce MPs accumulation. An interdisciplinary approach is crucial for effectively controlling plastic-derived nano-and micro-pollutants. This review examines MPs accumulation pathways, environmental fate, and emerging mitigation technologies, including advanced strategies such as MPs capture, bioremediation, and polymer redesign for circularity, as key components of long-term solutions.