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Impact of Marine Pollution on Human Health and Well-being
Summary
This review examined how marine pollution from diverse sources including microplastics, harmful algal blooms, persistent organic pollutants, and pathogens affects human health. The authors concluded that ocean pollution poses serious and multifaceted public health threats and recommended policy frameworks incorporating the 5R principles of reduce, reuse, recycle, refuse, and rethink to curb marine pollution.
Healthy ocean supports the human health with the provision of food, marine drugs, recreation, and also acts as a natural sink to absorb different types of wastes produced by the anthropogenic activities.Health of the ocean ecosystem is directly related with the human activities such as fishing, aquaculture, agriculture, coastal industries, urbanization, coastal infrastructure, development, etc. Due to the indiscriminate release of wastes into the sea, the marine ecosystem is threatened by limiting the carrying capacity of the ocean; finally resulting in ocean pollution.Ocean pollution causes negative impacts on human health due to the presence of harmful marine microorganisms (harmful algal blooms, viruses, bacteria, protozoa, etc.), marine litter, solid wastes, plastic, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), nutrients, sewage, etc. Present study focuses on marine pollution with reference to its definition, types, sources, impacts on human health, protections for human health, and preventive measures.It is observed that, ocean pollution have a devastating effect on the human health.The study recommends that policy of '5 R' such as recycle, reduce, refuse, rethink, and reuse can reduces the ocean pollution of the global scale.