Fungal Bioremediation: A Sustainable Strategy for Microplastic Removal from Polluted Water

Microplastic (MP) pollution is an escalating global concern, posing serious threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. These small plastic particles (1µm to 5mm), originating from synthetic products, industrial activities, and the degradation of larger plastic debris, are now ubiquitous in both freshwater and marine environments. MPs enter water bodies through multiple pathways, including wastewater discharge, atmospheric deposition, and agricultural runoff. Once present, MPs can act as vectors for toxic substances such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), contributing to ecological imbalance, bioaccumulation within food webs, and potential health risks to humans. Addressing this issue requires sustainable and effective remediation strategies. Among emerging solutions, fungi have attracted increasing attention due to their unique biological capabilities. Certain fungal species produce extracellular enzymes—such as laccases and peroxidases—capable of breaking down synthetic polymers. Furthermore, their extensive mycelial networks and biofilm structures provide large surface areas that facilitate the adsorption and physical entrapment of MPs from contaminated waters. Fungal-based bioremediation thus represents a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and scalable alternative to conventional MP removal methods. This review examines the ecological impacts of MP contamination and explores the potential of fungi as natural allies in mitigating this form of pollution. Advances in fungal biotechnology could play a significant role in integrated water management strategies, supporting cleaner aquatic ecosystems while reducing long-term risks to biodiversity and public health.