Microplastics in Fish: A Comprehensive Review

Microplastic pollution has emerged as a pervasive problem in aquatic environments, with fish playing a central role in transferring these particles through the food chain to humans. This review synthesized recent research on microplastics in fish, examining their sources, pathways into the environment, and occurrence in both wild and farmed populations worldwide. The tools and methodologies used to detect and quantify microplastics in fish were evaluated, highlighting challenges in achieving standardized and reliable results. The review further explored the impacts of microplastic exposure on fish health, including morphological, behavioral, and genetic alterations, as well as broader ecological risks such as trophic transfer and bioaccumulation. Evidence also indicates that human consumption of contaminated fish may serve as a significant route of microplastic ingestion, raising serious public health concerns. Finally, we discuss current mitigation strategies, ranging from policy interventions to emerging technologies, and identify key knowledge gaps, including the long-term health effects of microplastic exposure and the development of more effective remediation techniques. By integrating global findings, this review underscores the urgent need for coordinated action among scientists, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to address this escalating environmental and health challenge.