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Orthodontic derived microplastics impact macrophage differentiation and homeostasis

Progress in Orthodontics 2026
Jordan Warunek, Stephen Warunek, Michael Calderon, Jonathan Franks, Simon C. Watkins, Heth Roderick Turnquist, Thikriat Al‐Jewair

Summary

Researchers found that commonly used orthodontic materials release micro- and nanoplastic particles that are readily taken up by immune cells called macrophages. The particles triggered a shift toward pro-inflammatory immune responses, with direct-printed polymer materials releasing higher levels of immunostimulatory particles, raising concerns about both local oral health effects and potential systemic immune impacts from dental devices.

Body Systems

Our findings reveal that commonly used orthodontic materials release micro- and nano-plastics that are readily taken up by macrophages, with direct-printed polymers releasing higher levels of immunostimulatory particles. The resulting shift toward pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotypes raises concern that material choice could influence not only local oral health but also systemic immune responses. These results underscore the importance of evaluating microplastic release in dental and medical devices to guide safer material selection and minimize unintended biological consequences.

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