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Identifying the contribution of urban input to river microplastics: From the upper reach to estuary
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This review synthesized global research on microplastic pollution in rivers, covering sources, entry routes, and the key processes governing transport and transformation—including weathering, aggregation, sinking, and resuspension—along with ecotoxicological and socioeconomic impacts. Because rivers are the primary conduit transferring land-based microplastics to the ocean, understanding riverine dynamics is essential for designing effective interception strategies before contamination reaches marine food webs and human seafood supplies.
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Rivers function as the primary transport corridors for microplastics from land-based sources to oceans, carrying particles downstream through complex hydrological and biological interactions. Targeting river pollution hotspots with intervention measures is one of the most impactful strategies available for reducing the total global flux of microplastics into marine environments.
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