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Phytotoxicity of 6PPD and its oxidized product 6PPD‐Q on pakchoi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis)
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Researchers tested the phytotoxicity of the tire additive 6PPD and its oxidation product 6PPD-Q on pakchoi (Brassica rapa) via hydroponics, finding that even environmentally relevant concentrations inhibited seed germination, elevated reactive oxygen species, and caused oxidative damage, signaling potential ecological risks to agricultural crops.
Abstract N‐(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (6PPD) and N‐(1,3‐Dimethylbutyl)‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine‐quinone (6PPD‐Q) are the derivatives of tire wear particles (TWPs) that can enter the agricultural environment. Their negative consequences on the agricultural environment remain unknown, particularly their toxic effects on edible plants. In this experiment, the toxicity of different concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPD‐Q on pakchoi ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis ) was explored by hydroponics. The results revealed that seed germination was inhibited by 6PPD and 6PPD‐Q to various degrees. However, we observed an increase in the fresh weight of pakchoi seedling. Environmental concentration (1 μg L −1 ) of 6PPD and 6PPD‐Q significantly increased ROS levels and caused changes in antioxidant enzyme activities. The MDA content of pakchoi was significantly elevated under 6PPD‐Q treatment, indicating severe oxidative damage. These results demonstrated the phytotoxicity induced by 6PPD and 6PPD‐Q, which is of great significance for assessing their potential ecological risks in the environment.
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This review examines 6PPD, a rubber tire antioxidant, and its toxic transformation product 6PPD-quinone, which has been detected in air, water, and dust and shown to cause developmental, reproductive, neurological, and genetic harm to organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Researchers reviewed the environmental distribution and toxicological effects of 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a tire antioxidant transformation product released with tire and road wear particles, finding it is ubiquitous across atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial compartments, bioaccumulates, and poses significant health risks through multiple exposure pathways, while proposing a source-reduction management framework.
6PPD and 6PPD-Quinone in the Urban Environment: Assessing Exposure Pathways and Human Health Risks
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This review examines how tire-derived pollutants — particularly the antiozonant 6PPD and its oxidized form 6PPD-quinone — accumulate in urban soils and expose humans through multiple pathways, disrupting soil microbial communities and potentially increasing respiratory disease risk, underscoring the urgent need for international health research and coordinated policy responses.
Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce.
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This study exposed lettuce plants to tire wear particle-derived chemicals — including 6PPD and its toxic transformation product 6PPD-q — in hydroponic solution and found that plants took up and partly metabolized these compounds. The results raise food safety concerns about tire-derived chemical contamination of vegetables grown with runoff-influenced irrigation water.
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6PPD-Quinone, a rubber tire antioxidant byproduct found in stormwater runoff, causes multi-organ toxicity across species via oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disruption—and has now been detected in human urine. As a tire-derived contaminant closely linked to microplastic pollution from road wear particles, 6PPD-Q represents an emerging chemical hazard requiring urgent regulatory attention.
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