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Interaction of Bisphenol A and Its Analogs with Estrogen and Androgen Receptor from Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)
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This research characterized microplastic abundance and size distributions in the surface water of a boreal lake district. Microplastics were detected in all sampled lakes but concentrations varied significantly among lakes with different surrounding land use types, indicating that catchment characteristics mediate microplastic loading to inland lakes.
The widespread use of bisphenol A (BPA) in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins has made it a prevalent environmental pollutant in aquatic ecosystems. BPA poses a significant threat to marine and freshwater wildlife due to its documented endocrine-disrupting effects on various species. Manufacturers are increasingly turning to other bisphenol compounds as supposedly safer alternatives. In this study, we employed in vitro reporter gene assays and ex vivo precision-cut liver slices from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to investigate whether BPA and 11 BPA analogs exhibit estrogenic, antiestrogenic, androgenic, or antiandrogenic effects by influencing estrogen or androgen receptor signaling pathways. Most bisphenols, including BPA, displayed estrogenic properties by activating the Atlantic cod estrogen receptor alpha (gmEra). BPB, BPE, and BPF exhibited efficacy similar to or higher than that of BPA, with BPB and BPAF being more potent agonists. Additionally, some bisphenols, like BPG, induced estrogenic effects in ex vivo liver slices despite not activating gmEra in vitro, suggesting structural modifications by hepatic biotransformation enzymes. While only BPC2 and BPAF activated the Atlantic cod androgen receptor alpha (gmAra), several bisphenols exhibited antiandrogenic effects by inhibiting gmAra activity. This study underscores the endocrine-disrupting impact of bisphenols on aquatic organisms, emphasizing that substitutes for BPA may pose equal or greater risks to both the environment and human health.
More Papers Like This
Bisphenol Analogs in Aquatic Environments and Their Effects on Marine Species—A Review
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This review summarized concentrations of bisphenol A analogs found across aquatic environments globally and assessed their toxic effects on marine species, finding that many BPA substitutes show similar endocrine-disrupting, oxidative, and genotoxic activity to the compound they replaced. The findings raise concerns that current BPA alternatives may not represent a meaningful safety improvement for aquatic ecosystems.
Effects of plastic additives on precision cut liver slices (PCLS) from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
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Researchers exposed Atlantic cod liver slices to plastic additives—MEHP, BPA, and benzotriazoles—and found that BPA triggered estrogenic effects, significantly increasing vitellogenin protein synthesis and upregulating estrogen-related genes, while mixture exposures suggested possible antagonistic and synergistic interactions that warrant further investigation.
Bisphenol A and its analogs in muscle and liver of fish from the North East Atlantic Ocean in relation to microplastic contamination. Exposure and risk to human consumers
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Researchers measured levels of bisphenol A and related compounds in the muscle and liver of three fish species from the North East Atlantic Ocean and assessed the relationship with microplastic contamination. Fish containing microplastics had significantly higher concentrations of bisphenols than those without, suggesting microplastics may be a vehicle for chemical contamination. The estimated health risk from consuming these fish exceeded safety thresholds set by the European Food Safety Authority.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Estrogen-Related Receptor Gene in Corbicula fluminea: Expression Profiles in Response to Bisphenol A and Its Substitutes Exposure
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Researchers cloned the estrogen-related receptor (ERR) gene in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea and found that exposure to bisphenol A and its substitutes (BPS, BPF, BPAF) caused time- and dose-dependent upregulation of CfERR, with BPS and BPAF showing the strongest endocrine-disrupting effects on reproductive regulation.
Bisphenolic compounds alter gene expression in MCF-7 cells through interaction with estrogen receptor α
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Researchers used RNA sequencing and molecular binding assays to show that bisphenol A and three structural analogs (BPB, BPZ, 4MeBPA) released from plastics activate estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer cells, upregulating genes associated with cancer cell growth, invasion, and proliferation — providing evidence that BPA substitutes share similar endocrine-disrupting potential.
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When a large batch of papers lands in the Atlas, we read through it and send a short write-up of what stood out.