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Investigations of airborne tire and brake wear particles using a novel vehicle design
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Tiny particles from tire and brake wear, not just tailpipe exhaust, are a growing air pollution concern, especially as electric cars reduce exhaust emissions but still create this "non-exhaust" pollution. Researchers tested a specially designed car with a filtering system and an enclosed brake system, finding it cut particle emissions by about 30% compared to conventional brakes, with the most particles released during hard acceleration and braking. This matters because these particles can be inhaled and may contribute to health problems linked to air pollution, so redesigning vehicle parts to capture them before they become airborne could be a meaningful way
Non-exhaust emissions have become an increasingly important issue as their levels continue to rise and the health effects of particulate matter (PM) are more widely discussed. To address this issue, a vehicle demonstrator with integrated emission reduction of tires and brakes was developed as part of the Zero Emission Drive Unit Generation-1 (ZEDU-1) project. This novel concept includes the removal of tire road wear particles (TRWP) with a strong ventilation/filtering system and an enclosed multi-disk brake, making it a suitable tool for the investigation of non-exhaust emissions. Particle number (PN) and particle size distribution (PSD) measurements down to 2.5 nm were performed on a chassis dynamometer and on a test track. Due to the low background concentrations on the chassis dynamometer, it is possible to distinguish between tire and brake wear and to characterize even a small number of particle emissions. It could be shown that about 30 % less particles are emitted by the vehicle, when using the novel multi-disk brake instead of the conventional brake. The highest TRWP emissions were collected during acceleration and harsh braking. Characterization of the collected particles using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed diverse particle shapes and differences between particles generated on the dynamometer and on a test track.
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