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Toxicological Effects and Mechanisms of 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) on Marine Organisms
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This review summarizes the toxic effects of BDE-47 — a widely used brominated flame retardant — on marine organisms, detailing how it accumulates through food chains and causes oxidative stress, DNA damage, immune suppression, liver toxicity, developmental impairments, and reproductive harm via mechanisms including MAPK signaling activation.
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is a widely used brominated flame retardant belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). After being released into the marine environment, BDE-47 can cause a range of toxic effects on marine organisms through bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and intergenerational transmission. These effects include lethality, impaired motility, photosynthetic toxicity, immune damage, liver toxicity, developmental impairments, and reproductive toxicity. This article reviews the latest research progress on the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of BDE-47 mentioned above. The primary mechanisms underlying its toxicity include oxidative stress, DNA damage, cellular apoptosis, impaired metabolism, and activation of the MAPK signaling cascade.
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